Contents

Annex A    

13

Discussion paper on novel formulations of supplement compounds designed to increase oral bioavailability    

13

Novel formulations of supplement compounds    

14

Lipid based delivery systems    

14

Background and overview    

14

Emulsions    

18

Micelles    

20

Liposomes    

20

Lipid nanoparticles    

22

Mechanisms of enhanced bioavailability in lipid based delivery systems    

27

Other systems to increase bioavailability    

35

Uncertainties surrounding novel supplement formulations    

37

Market data and projected trends    

39

Case studies of supplement formulations with increased bioavailability    

42

Case study 1: Liposomal vitamin C    

42

Case study 2: Curcuminoids    

47

Review by Jamwal, 2018    

47

Other studies    

50

Case study 3: Cannabidiol    

59

Background    

Studies investigating the oral pharmacokinetics of CBD formulations    

60

Toxicology studies with novel supplement formulations    

65

Curcumin    

67

Summary and discussion    

68

Questions for the Committee    

70

Abbreviations and glossary    

72

Abbreviations    

72

Glossary    

74

References    

77

Appendix A: Literature search for specific toxicology studies with novel supplement formulations    

94